Senior care glossary

Physical adaptations of the building: ramps, lifts, adapted bathrooms, wide doorways, enabling access and movement for persons with reduced mobility or wheelchair users.

The process by which a care home for the elderly obtains its operating licence from the Ministry of Labour, demonstrating that it meets minimum quality standards: adequate space, qualified staff, nutrition, hygiene, and safety. Without a licence, the care home operates illegally.

The first 2–4 weeks following a move into a care home. This period can be emotionally challenging for both the resident and their family. Well-run care homes provide a dedicated integration programme comprising: orientation to the facilities, introduction to staff, socialisation activities, and regular communication with the family.

A care home bathroom equipped with special features — shower seat, grab bars, wheelchair-accessible sink — to allow safe daily hygiene for residents with limited mobility. The presence of such facilities is an important quality indicator. During the care home evaluation visit, families can ask to inspect these spaces.

A one-time fee charged by some private care homes upon a resident's admission, separate from the monthly care rate. This fee may cover administrative costs, initial assessment or place reservation. Families should request written clarification on what it includes and whether it is refundable upon termination.

The complete set of documents required for enrolling an elderly person in a care home or medico-social center, typically including identity documents, medical records, social assessment, and financial documents. Each institution may request specific documents, so it is recommended to contact the care home directly for the complete list. Preparing the file in advance reduces the waiting period for an available place.

A social facility offering elderly individuals recreational, social, and rehabilitation activities during the day, allowing them to return home in the evening. Services may include meals, physiotherapy, cognitive activities, and basic health monitoring. It serves as an alternative to residential care while keeping the elderly person connected to the community.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive eye condition affecting the macula, the central area of the retina responsible for clear and detailed vision, leading to gradual loss of central vision. It is one of the leading causes of severe visual impairment in people over 60. Regular evaluation and follow-up by an ophthalmologist are essential.

Emergency call device at bedside and in bathroom. Maximum recommended response time: 3 minutes.

The most common form of dementia (60–70% of cases). A progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting memory, thinking, and behaviour. It typically presents after the age of 65, with loss of recent memory, confusion, and disorientation. There is no cure, but it can be managed with medication and cognitive-behavioural therapy. Early diagnosis enables care planning.

National Authority for the Protection of Children's Rights and Adoption. Although its primary focus is child protection, it collaborates with DGASPC in cases involving families with vulnerable elderly persons.

National Agency for Payments and Social Inspection. Institution that inspects care homes for the elderly, verifies compliance with minimum quality standards, and may sanction non-compliant facilities. Receives and resolves complaints.

Specialised pressure ulcer prevention equipment: alternating pressure mattresses, positioning cushions, heel and elbow protectors, barrier creams. Essential for immobilised patients.

Loss of the ability to speak or understand language, usually following a stroke. Types: expressive (Broca's), receptive (Wernicke's), global. Managed through speech and language therapy.

Use of essential oils for relaxation and anxiety reduction. Complements (does not replace) medical treatment.

Elevated blood pressure in the arteries, extremely common in elderly individuals (over 60% after age 65). Major risk factor for stroke and cardiac disease. Requires ongoing monitoring and long-term treatment.

Assistance with meal serving: cutting food, spoon-feeding. Carried out calmly, without haste, respecting the resident's pace.

A chronic process of fatty plaque (atheroma) deposition on arterial walls, narrowing and stiffening them, reducing blood flow to vital organs such as the heart and brain, and increasing the risk of myocardial infarction or stroke. It is considered a major underlying cause of cardiovascular disease in older adults. Risk assessment and prevention strategy are determined by a cardiologist or internist.

Common cardiac arrhythmia in elderly patients that increases the risk of stroke fivefold. Requires anticoagulant therapy and regular cardiological monitoring.

For severe disability with need for a permanent attendant. May be used for partial payment of residential care home fees.

Available place in a care home for the elderly. On SeniorHelp, care homes can display available places in real time on their profile page. Availability can change quickly, especially at popular care homes.

The person who receives care services in a residential home or at home. May be: a senior (65+), a person with disabilities, a person with special needs. The official term used in Romanian legislation.

The legal right of a care home resident to receive, in accessible language, all relevant information regarding the services offered, costs, internal regulations, and their own rights. Social service providers are legally required to ensure full transparency toward beneficiaries and their legal representatives. Violations of this right can be reported to ANPIS or other regulatory authorities.

Medical procedure for clearing the airways of secretions (mucus) using a suction device. Required for patients with dysphagia, tracheostomy, or respiratory conditions. Performed by qualified medical personnel.

The maximum number of residents a care home can accommodate simultaneously. Ranges from 10–20 (small, family-style homes with a personal atmosphere) to 200+ (large centres with multiple services). The ideal staff-to-resident ratio is a minimum of 1:3 during the day and 1:8 at night.

The heart no longer pumps sufficient blood to meet the body's needs. Symptoms: fatigue, dyspnoea (difficulty breathing), oedema of the legs. Common in elderly patients with hypertension and diabetes. Treatment: medication, low-sodium diet, monitoring.

A sum of money granted by the state or local authorities to financially support persons caring for a dependent senior at home. The amount and eligibility conditions vary according to the degree of dependency and current legislation. Families should contact DGASPC or the local town hall for eligibility criteria.

Legal agreement between care home and resident: services, price, termination conditions, rights. Read carefully before signing.

Services for persons with disabilities: accessibility, occupational therapy, individualised programme.

Residential centre providing accommodation, meals, supervision and care for elderly persons. May be public (state-funded) or private. The official term is 'residential centre for elderly persons'. On SeniorHelp you can find over 795 care homes in Romania.

Personalised document establishing the resident's needs, short- and long-term goals, and planned interventions: medical, physical, psychological, and social. It is drawn up by the care home's multidisciplinary team and reviewed periodically (at minimum quarterly) together with the family.

The ability to chronologically track and document all interventions, procedures, and events related to a senior's care, from medication administration to recovery activities. Ensured through digital recording systems, traceability guarantees transparency, staff accountability, and care continuity between shifts. It is an essential element of quality auditing in residential facilities.

A state of physical, emotional and mental exhaustion occurring in individuals who provide long-term care for a family member. Signs: chronic fatigue, irritability, social isolation, neglect of one's own health, feelings of guilt. Management: respite care, support groups, counselling.

A professional, usually a social worker or nurse with specialized training, who coordinates all services and interventions needed by a senior with complex care needs. The case manager assesses individual needs, develops the service plan, communicates with all providers involved, and monitors the beneficiary's progress. Their role is essential for ensuring continuity and coherence of care.

Health insurance contribution of 10% of pension, automatically deducted. Provides access to free medical services.

Opacification of the eye's lens, the most common cause of vision loss in the elderly. Treated surgically (15–30 minute procedure). Rapid recovery.

Official document issued by the Assessment Commission that establishes the degree of disability (mild, moderate, severe, profound) and the associated entitlements: allowance, free transport, exemptions.

Very common digestive problem in elderly individuals (causes: medication, immobility, dehydration, low-fibre diet). May exacerbate other conditions.

A condition in which the heart no longer pumps blood efficiently, causing fluid accumulation, breathlessness, leg swelling, and significant fatigue. It is one of the leading causes of repeated hospitalization in older adults. Assessment and treatment are determined by a cardiologist or internist.

Progressive and irreversible deterioration of kidney function, common in older adults with diabetes or hypertension, which can lead to toxin accumulation in the body and the need for dialysis in advanced stages. Symptoms include fatigue, fluid retention, changes in urination, and nausea. Monitoring and care are provided by a nephrologist.

Chronic kidney disease represents the progressive and irreversible deterioration of kidney function, frequently encountered in older adults in association with diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension. Symptoms may include fatigue, edema, decreased urine output, and confusion, especially in advanced stages. Monitoring of kidney function and adjustment of any treatment must be performed by a nephrologist or attending physician.

Persistent pain lasting over 3 months, common in elderly patients (arthritis, neuropathy, cancer). Requires multimodal management: medication, physiotherapy, psychological therapy.

Progressive decline in kidney function, common in elderly patients with diabetes and hypertension. Advanced stages may require dialysis or transplantation.

The legal obligation of a residential care provider to compensate the beneficiary or their family in the event of harm resulting from negligence, lack of supervision, or poor service delivery. The family may engage the civil liability of the care home through a court action or by filing a complaint with the competent regulatory authorities. The care contract must explicitly include clauses regarding the institution's liability.

The institution that administers the national health insurance fund and reimburses medical services. It manages the health card and contracts with providers.

The central institution that administers the public pension system in Romania. It establishes pension entitlements, manages the social insurance budget, and coordinates the county pension houses.

A broad spectrum of disorders affecting memory, attention, temporal and spatial orientation, language, and reasoning ability. These may range from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to severe forms of dementia. Assessment is carried out using standardised neuropsychological tests.

The brain's ability to better cope with neurological damage due to a high level of education, intellectual and social activity accumulated throughout life. People with greater cognitive reserve may show fewer symptoms of cognitive decline even with similar brain lesions. It is built through reading, continuous learning, and varied social and intellectual activities.

Structured activity programme (games, puzzles, thematic discussions, memory exercises) for maintaining cognitive function in seniors with mild-to-moderate dementia.

Complaint regarding irregularities at a care home: lack of licence, inadequate conditions. Online, by telephone or in writing.

Congestive heart failure is a condition in which the heart no longer pumps blood efficiently, leading to fluid accumulation in the lungs, abdomen, or lower limbs. In older adults, it frequently manifests as ankle swelling, difficulty breathing, and pronounced fatigue with minimal exertion. Monitoring and management of this condition must be carried out exclusively by the attending physician.

A process whereby internet-connected medical devices automatically measure and transmit, at regular intervals or in real time, indicators such as pulse, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, or body temperature of the senior. Data is stored in the electronic record and can trigger automatic alerts in case of abnormal values. Always consult a doctor for the interpretation and management of results.

Period during which a person has contributed to the social insurance system: years worked, military service, child-rearing leave. Required for establishing entitlement to a pension and calculating the benefit amount.

Progressive respiratory condition, common in elderly smokers. Symptoms: dyspnoea, chronic cough. Requires oxygen therapy in advanced stages.

Territorial institution of the CNPP that manages pension files, issues decisions and receives appeals. Each county has a CJP where pensioners may submit applications.

The mandatory procedure by which staff in a care home or center document and report unexpected events with a negative impact on residents, such as falls, injuries, or medication errors. Proper reporting contributes to improving care quality and preventing recurrence. Families have the right to be informed about incidents involving their elderly relatives.

Obligation of the care home to display the daily menu covering all meals. Transparency standard required by accreditation regulations. Includes adapted menus (diabetes, dysphagia).

Basic activities that a person performs daily: washing, dressing, eating, using the toilet, mobility, transfer (from bed to chair). The degree of dependency is assessed based on the ability to perform them independently. Standard instrument: the Katz scale.

A document completed daily by care staff recording the resident's general condition, food and fluid intake, elimination and any observed changes. It ensures continuity of care between shifts and enables early detection of health deterioration. Families have the right to request information from these records regarding their senior's condition.

Structure of a day in a care home: waking, personal hygiene, meals, activities, rest. Routine provides security, especially in dementia.

Provides services during daytime hours only (08:00–19:00). The senior sleeps at home. Includes: activities, meals, supervision. Alternative to residential care.

Recumbent position, but also a term used for the complications of prolonged bed rest: pressure ulcers, thromboses, hypostatic pneumonia, and muscle atrophy. Prevention through early mobilisation, physiotherapy, and regular repositioning.

Amounts paid for the care of an elderly parent that are tax-deductible. Includes contributions to care homes, medical services, and home care services.

Formation of a blood clot in the deep veins, usually in the legs. Increased risk in immobilised patients in care homes. May cause pulmonary embolism.

The level of assistance a person requires for daily activities. Classification: independent, partially dependent (requires help with some activities), totally dependent (cannot manage without permanent assistance). Influences the type of care home and the cost.

Official disability classification: mild, medium, pronounced, severe. Obtained through assessment by the Commission for the Evaluation of Persons with Disabilities. Provides access to: monthly allowance, free transport, tax exemptions, personal assistance.

Excessive fluid loss, common in elderly individuals (the sensation of thirst diminishes with age). Symptoms: confusion, dizziness, reduced urinary output. Prevention: minimum 1.5L fluid intake per day.

Acute state of mental confusion with sudden onset (hours–days). Causes: infections, dehydration, medication. It is NOT dementia — it is reversible if the underlying cause is treated. Medical emergency.

A syndrome affecting memory, thinking, orientation, comprehension, and learning ability. It is not a disease in itself, but a group of symptoms caused by various conditions: Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, frontotemporal dementia. Diagnosis is made through comprehensive geriatric assessment. Progression varies — some forms are slow, others rapid.

A common disorder in older adults, often undetected or confused with dementia. Symptoms: persistent sadness, loss of interest, sleep disturbances, weight loss, social withdrawal, thoughts of death. Risk factors: bereavement, chronic illness, isolation. Treated with psychotherapy and/or medication.

General Directorate for Social Assistance and Child Protection. A county-level institution that coordinates social services, including those for elderly persons: assessment, placement in state care homes, social enquiries, protection against abuse.

Chronic metabolic disease characterised by elevated blood glucose levels. Very common in older adults (type 2 diabetes). Requires monitoring, an adapted diet, and treatment. See also: Diabetes mellitus.

Chronic disease in which the body does not produce sufficient insulin or does not use it effectively. Type 2 is most common in elderly individuals. Complications include: neuropathy, visual impairment, and poorly healing wounds. Requires blood glucose monitoring, dietary management, and medication.

The use of applications, software programs, or online platforms specifically designed to exercise cognitive functions such as memory, attention, processing speed, and reasoning in seniors. These tools offer interactive exercises adapted to the individual's level and can be used on tablets, computers, or smartphones. Their effectiveness is greater when integrated into a care program supervised by a specialist.

Monthly benefit by disability grade: severe ~350 lei, pronounced ~260 lei. May be combined with pension.

For loss of working capacity. Grade I (total), Grade II (partial), Grade III (reduced). Granted on the basis of a medical board assessment.

A residential room in a care home designed or modified to facilitate access and mobility for people with physical disabilities, including grab bars, wheelchair-accessible spaces and anti-slip surfaces. These adaptations reduce accident risk and increase resident autonomy. Families should verify these features before signing the care contract.

A legal act by which a person transfers ownership of an asset (usually real estate) to an heir while retaining the right to use it and collect its income for the rest of their life. It is frequently used by seniors to secure their home or an income while passing on their assets. Such an act must be completed with the mandatory assistance of a public notary.

Difficulty swallowing food or liquids. Common after stroke, in Parkinson's disease, and advanced dementia. Major risk: aspiration (entry of food into the lungs), which may cause pneumonia. Requires speech and language therapy assessment and modification of food texture.

Up to a maximum of 5 years before the standard retirement age, with a penalty of 0.75% of the score for each anticipated month.

Any action or neglect that causes suffering or harm to an elderly person: physical, emotional, financial, sexual, or through negligence. A criminal offence punishable by law.

Bed with electric adjustment of height, backrest, and leg section. Essential for immobilised patients — facilitates positioning, pressure ulcer prevention, feeding, and hygiene. Side rails prevent falls from bed.

A digital tool in which residential center staff record in real time all interventions performed for each resident: hygiene care, medication administration, vital sign monitoring, and significant incidents. It replaces traditional paper registers, enabling automated reporting and quick checks by management or authorities. It contributes to improving the quality and safety of care services.

A digital document that centralizes all relevant information about a senior in a residential care facility: personal data, medical history, care plans, medications, and health status evolution. It allows authorized staff quick and secure access, reducing error risks and improving care continuity. It replaces the traditional paper file, enabling real-time data updates.

Care provided in the last weeks/months of life. Focuses on comfort, pain relief and dignity. Includes spiritual and emotional support for the family.

Feeding a patient via gastric or nasogastric tube when normal swallowing is no longer possible. Special nutritional formulae are used. Requires medical supervision and rigorous hygiene.

EU regulations guaranteeing the right to cross-border care, information and consent. Applicable to all patients, including elderly persons in Romania.

A person designated in a will to carry out the testator's instructions after death, ensuring the distribution of assets according to the expressed wishes. The executor may be a family member, a lawyer, or any other trusted person appointed by the testator. Appointing a testamentary executor simplifies the succession process and reduces the risk of disputes among heirs.

Structured programme: balance and strength exercises, medication review, ophthalmological assessment, environmental adaptation. Reduces falls by 30–40%.

One in three people over 65 falls at least once a year. Causes: muscle weakness, impaired balance, medication, poor vision. Prevention: exercise, home adaptation.

A secure online interface offered by some residential facilities through which family members can access updated information about the senior's general condition, communicate with staff, and consult relevant documents such as progress reports or appointments. It facilitates transparency and maintains the connection between the family and the care team, even remotely. Access is strictly regulated to protect personal data confidentiality.

A periodic meeting organised by the care home between care staff, management and residents' families, where health progress, the updated care plan and any relevant administrative matters are discussed. These meetings ensure transparency and family involvement in decisions affecting the senior. The frequency and format (in-person or online) should be specified in the care contract.

The involuntary loss of control over bowel elimination, common in elderly people with neurological conditions, prolonged immobility, or after surgical procedures. Proper management includes rigorous hygiene, appropriate protective devices, and medical evaluation to identify causes. Families should consult a doctor before making any care decisions.

Fracture at the level of the hip, extremely common in elderly patients with osteoporosis. Usually requires urgent surgical intervention (prosthesis or osteosynthesis). Recovery takes 3–6 months and involves intensive physiotherapy, often in a specialist care home.

The process of anticipating and organising financial resources (savings, pensions, insurance, property) to cover care and living costs in old age. It involves assessing estimated care expenses, available income sources and legal instruments for asset protection. Consulting a licensed financial or legal advisor is recommended for effective planning.

Increased vulnerability state in elderly individuals: weight loss, fatigue, reduced strength, decreased walking speed. Predictor of complications and mortality.

A form of dementia affecting the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. Earlier onset (45–65 years). Characterised by personality and behavioural changes.

Legal act by which a person designates, while of sound mind, who will make decisions on their behalf should they become incapacitated. A preventive legal instrument recommended for families of elderly individuals.

Procedure for creating direct access to the stomach through the abdominal wall for feeding purposes. An alternative to the nasogastric tube for long-term enteral nutrition.

Comprehensive medical assessment of the senior across 5 dimensions: physical, cognitive, emotional, functional, and social. Includes standardised tests (MMSE for cognition, Katz for ADLs). Assists in establishing the care plan and selecting the appropriate type of care home.

A common mood disorder in older adults, manifested by persistent sadness, loss of interest in daily activities, sleep disturbances, poor appetite, and sometimes somatic symptoms that may mask the diagnosis. It is often underdiagnosed because symptoms are attributed to normal aging or other illnesses. Assessment and treatment are determined by a psychiatrist or general practitioner.

A nurse specialized in the care of elderly people, with skills in monitoring health status, administering prescribed treatments, and preventing complications common in seniors. They work in hospitals, care centers, or at home, collaborating closely with the geriatrician and the patient's family. Their training includes knowledge of the physiological and psychological particularities of aging.

A medical specialist in geriatrics, the branch of medicine dedicated to diagnosing and treating diseases and conditions specific to elderly people. The geriatrician evaluates the overall condition of the senior patient, taking into account multiple simultaneous illnesses, polypharmacy, and frailty. A geriatric consultation is recommended for families who notice significant changes in a senior's health or autonomy.

Medical specialty dedicated to the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases in elderly persons. The geriatrician comprehensively assesses the older patient (physically, cognitively, functionally) and coordinates the treatment plan with other specialties.

A specialist in gerontology, the science that studies the aging process from a biological, psychological, and social perspective, without necessarily being a physician. The gerontologist can contribute to prevention programs, family counseling, and the design of services for seniors. Their field goes beyond disease treatment, focusing on quality of life and active aging.

The science of ageing — studies the biological, psychological, and social processes of ageing. Broader than geriatrics (which is strictly medical). Includes research into quality of life, social policy, and demographic aspects.

Group of ocular conditions that damage the optic nerve, leading to progressive vision loss. Risk factors: age, diabetes, family history. Detected through regular ophthalmological examination.

The minimum pension threshold below which no pensioner should fall. It is granted as the difference between the calculated pension and the minimum threshold established annually by the government.

Legal measure of maximum protection for persons unable to exercise their rights due to mental illness or intellectual disability. The guardian makes decisions on the person's behalf: medical, financial, legal. Established by court order, requires medico-legal assessment. The guardian renders account annually.

A lighter form of legal protection than guardianship (tutela). The curator assists the person in making decisions but does not substitute their will. Applied to persons who retain understanding but cannot manage certain aspects (financial, medical). Established by court order.

Compensation for heating expenses during the cold season, granted to persons with income below a certain threshold, including pensioners. Applications are submitted to the local council.

Reactivation of the varicella virus, common in elderly individuals with reduced immunity. Causes severe pain (post-herpetic neuralgia). A preventive vaccine is available.

Medical and personal care services provided at the senior's home: nursing, hygiene, medication administration, companionship, shopping assistance. Suitable for individuals with a moderate degree of dependency who prefer to remain at home.

A qualified or trained person who provides practical support to seniors in their own home, assisting with personal hygiene, nutrition, mobility, and daily activities. The home caregiver works according to a care plan established by a specialist or family doctor. Their presence allows the senior to remain in a familiar environment for as long as possible.

A set of medical, psychological, and social services provided at home for people with serious, incurable, or advanced-stage illnesses, aimed at relieving pain and discomfort rather than curing the disease. The team may include doctors, nurses, psychologists, and social workers collaborating with the family. Consult a specialist to assess eligibility and develop a care plan.

A service in which a licensed physiotherapist visits the elderly person's home to perform recovery, mobilization, and motor function maintenance exercises, avoiding difficult travel to a clinic. The exercise program is personalized based on each person's diagnosis and physical abilities. The referral and therapeutic plan must be established in collaboration with a specialist doctor.

A service using technology to continuously monitor the well-being of an elderly person at home through devices connected to a 24/7 intervention center. In emergencies or unusual situations, the operator can contact the family, doctor, or emergency services. It provides safety for both the elderly person and their family.

Hydrotherapy (therapeutic pool, baths) for mobility rehabilitation, pain reduction and relaxation. Beneficial for arthritis, fractures, Parkinson's disease.

An endocrine disorder in which the thyroid gland produces insufficient thyroid hormones, causing in older adults symptoms such as extreme fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, dry skin, and cognitive slowing that may be confused with dementia. Diagnosis is established through specific blood tests, and management is provided by an endocrinologist or general practitioner.

An official document prepared by the care home whenever an unexpected event affecting a resident's safety occurs — fall, injury, medication reaction or temporary disappearance. The report describes the circumstances, immediate measures taken and subsequent prevention steps. Families have the right to be notified and to receive a copy of the report following any incident involving their senior.

Involuntary loss of bladder and/or bowel control. Very common in older adults — affecting 30–50% of care home residents. Types: stress, urge, and mixed incontinence. Can be managed with Kegel exercises, medication, or absorbent products (adult incontinence pads).

The senior's ability to manage their daily activities independently: hygiene, nutrition, mobility, and medication. The primary objective of good care is to maintain or restore independence, not to replace it.

A structured document developed by the residential center's multidisciplinary team, establishing goals, interventions, and specific responsibilities for each senior based on their medical, functional, and social needs. The plan is periodically reviewed and adapted to the resident's evolving condition. The family may be involved in its development and updates.

Annual vaccination recommended for all persons over 65 years of age. Influenza can be fatal in elderly patients. Administered free of charge by the general practitioner.

A person from the senior's close circle, usually a family member, friend, or neighbor, who provides regular support without being formally employed or remunerated for this activity. The informal caregiver plays a crucial role in the lives of dependent seniors, but may face physical and emotional overload, which is why professional support and information are essential. Unlike a formal caregiver, they do not necessarily have specialized training.

The patient's right to be informed about treatments and to accept or refuse them. Mandatory prior to any procedure.

Document signed upon admission: confirmation of having been informed about services, costs, rules, rights, and the complaints procedure.

A legal measure by which a court limits or removes the legal capacity of a person who, due to serious mental or cognitive disorders, cannot manage their own affairs and assets. A person placed under judicial interdiction will be legally represented by a court-appointed guardian. The procedure is distinct from curatorship and applies in cases of severe and permanent loss of discernment.

Standardised assessment instrument for the ability to perform basic activities of daily living: bathing, dressing, toileting, transferring, continence, feeding. Score 0–6.

Employer's contribution to the social insurance budget that funds the public pension system. The rate varies according to working conditions.

A person designated by law or court order to act on behalf of another person who is unable to exercise their rights: guardian, curator or attorney.

The third most common form of dementia. Symptoms: visual hallucinations, cognitive fluctuations, parkinsonian features. More rapid progression than Alzheimer's disease.

A private insurance product that, beyond covering the risk of death, also includes a component that can partially finance long-term care costs in the event of dependency. In Romania, such products are offered by private insurance companies and should be carefully reviewed with a licensed financial advisor. The conditions for activating the care benefit vary from one product to another.

Medical institution for patients who require continuous medical care but no longer need acute hospitalisation. A bridge between hospital and residential care home.

A clause in a contract by which a person transfers an asset (usually real estate) to another person in exchange for the obligation to provide maintenance, care, and shelter for the rest of the transferor's life. It is a legal instrument frequently used by elderly people to secure care in exchange for transferring their assets. It is essential that such a contract be drafted with the help of a notary or lawyer to protect the rights of both parties.

Insufficient nutrient intake. Causes: reduced appetite, dental problems, dysphagia, depression. Consequences: weight loss, frequent infections, slow wound healing.

A program delivering hot or cold meals directly to the homes of elderly individuals who cannot travel or cook independently. Deliveries are typically made daily or several times a week, ensuring balanced nutrition. The service also helps maintain regular social contact for isolated individuals.

Care unit combining social services with intermediate-level medical services. Intended for seniors with mixed needs (social + medical).

The amount paid by the patient to supplement the services reimbursed by CNAS. Relevant for older adults who frequently access medical services and rehabilitation programmes.

A unit combining social services (accommodation, meals) with medical services (nursing, physiotherapy). Between a care home and a hospital.

A rapid cognitive screening tool used by healthcare professionals to detect possible signs of cognitive decline in seniors, consisting of two tasks: memorizing and recalling three words, and drawing a clock. Results do not constitute a diagnosis but guide the doctor or specialist toward further evaluation. It is valued for its simplicity and speed of application in clinical or care settings.

Set of mandatory requirements that a care home must meet, established by ministerial order. Covers: infrastructure, human resources, assessment and planning, rights, ethics. Periodically verified by ANPIS.

Standardised cognitive assessment test used for dementia screening. Maximum score 30: above 24 = normal, 18–24 = mild deficit, below 18 = severe deficit.

The process of returning a patient to active movement following a period of immobilisation. Includes: bed exercises, transfer to chair, assisted walking, independent walking. Carried out gradually, under the supervision of a physiotherapist.

The total monthly sum paid for a resident's stay in a care home, generally including accommodation, meals, basic medical assistance and care services. Fees differ significantly between public and private homes, as well as by room type and the resident's dependency level. A detailed cost breakdown should be requested before signing the contract.

Comprehensive assessment carried out by a multidisciplinary team comprising a physician, social worker, psychologist, and physiotherapist. Purpose: to determine the overall needs of the elderly person and establish the most appropriate care plan.

A permanent or semi-permanent shortening of a muscle or tendon that limits joint mobility, occurring frequently in immobilized elderly or those with neurological conditions. It can cause pain and difficulty performing daily activities. Prevention and treatment involve physiotherapy and correct positioning, as advised by a specialist.

A structured therapeutic intervention in which music is used by a specialist to stimulate memory, emotions, and cognitive functions in seniors, including those with memory disorders. Listening to or playing music can activate memories, improve mood, and facilitate communication. Music therapy programs are led by certified music therapists.

Use of music for therapeutic purposes: reduces anxiety, stimulates memory even in advanced dementia, facilitates socialisation.

A thin medical tube inserted through the nose into the stomach, used temporarily for feeding or medicating elderly people who cannot swallow orally. It is a medical measure prescribed and monitored by qualified medical staff. The decision to use it belongs to the medical team together with the family or the patient's legal representative.

Monitoring residents at night: rounds every 2–3 hours, responding to alarms, assistance with toileting. Ratio: 1 carer to 8–10 residents.

A specialized transport service for elderly individuals who need to travel to medical appointments, tests, or treatments but cannot use regular transportation due to limited mobility or health conditions. Vehicles are adapted for people with disabilities or wheelchair users. Scheduling is done in advance, usually through the family doctor or social service.

Medical care services provided by nurses: medication administration, wound and pressure sore care, vital signs monitoring, specimen collection, personal hygiene assistance, catheterisation, suctioning.

A person with basic professional training who assists nurses and doctors in routine patient care activities, including seniors hospitalized or residing in a care center. Duties include assistance with hygiene, feeding, linen changes, and patient transport within the facility. Nursing assistants work under the direct supervision of a nurse.

A specialist who helps seniors regain or maintain the ability to perform meaningful daily activities, such as cooking, dressing, or leisure activities. The occupational therapist assesses the senior's living environment and may recommend home adaptations or assistive equipment to increase independence. Their interventions contribute to maintaining dignity and quality of life.

Therapy that helps seniors maintain or regain their daily living skills through adapted activities: handicrafts, coordination exercises, cognitive activities, simulation of domestic tasks. Aim: maximising independence.

A form of therapy that uses purposeful activities (art, music, gardening, games) to improve the physical and cognitive functions of older adults. Reduces anxiety, stimulates memory, encourages socialisation.

Official document issued by the Ministry of Labour certifying that a care home meets minimum quality standards. Includes requirements regarding: space (min. 6m²/resident), qualified staff, nutrition, hygiene, activities, security. Renewed periodically.

Sudden drop in blood pressure upon standing from a lying or seated position. Causes: dehydration, medication, age. Symptoms: dizziness, blurred vision, falls. Prevention: rising slowly, adequate hydration, medication adjustment.

Loss of bone density that significantly increases the risk of fractures. Very common in post-menopausal women. Hip fractures in the elderly are particularly dangerous — 20% mortality at one year. Prevention: calcium, vitamin D, weight-bearing exercise. Treatment: bisphosphonates.

Specialised care for patients with incurable diseases in an advanced stage (cancer, organ failure, terminal dementia). Focuses on comfort, pain relief and quality of life, rather than cure. Includes emotional and spiritual support for the patient and family.

A progressive neurological disorder characterized by resting tremor, muscle rigidity, slowness of movement (bradykinesia), and postural instability, significantly affecting the older person's autonomy. It may also be accompanied by non-motor symptoms such as sleep disturbances, depression, or cognitive difficulties. Diagnosis and monitoring are carried out by a neurologist.

Chronic neurodegenerative disease affecting the central nervous system, particularly movement. Principal symptoms: resting tremor, muscular rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness), postural instability. Managed with medication (levodopa) and physiotherapy. Progression varies, but many patients require increasing assistance over time.

Monthly income received by a person upon cessation of professional activity, based on contributions to the social insurance system. Types: old-age pension, early retirement pension, invalidity pension, survivor's pension.

Annual adjustment of pensions in line with inflation and/or wage growth. The mechanism varies according to current legislation and has a direct impact on pensioners' purchasing power.

Calculation unit used in pension formulae prior to the 2024 reform. The pension point value was replaced by the new system based on VPR.

The periodic process of recalculating pensions in accordance with legislation (Law 360/2023). It is carried out on the basis of contribution periods and earned income. It affects millions of pensioners in Romania.

Person who receives a pension from the public or private pension system. In Romania there are over 4.6 million pensioners. They have special entitlements: free/reduced transport, tax exemptions, medical services.

Institution that defends citizens' rights. Intervenes free of charge in cases of abuse. Contact: www.avp.ro

Damage to the peripheral nerves, common in diabetes. Symptoms: numbness, tingling, pain in the feet. Increases the risk of unnoticed wounds and falls.

24/7 medical supervision and care, provided by qualified staff: nurses, healthcare assistants, and a physician. Required for patients with severe chronic conditions, total dependency, or risk of medical emergencies.

Level of care with 24/7 medical supervision for seniors with serious chronic conditions. Permanently qualified medical staff on site.

A care philosophy that places the resident's needs, preferences, and life history at the centre of all decisions. Modern quality standard in care homes for the elderly.

Person employed to care for a senior with severe disability at home. May be a family member paid by the state. Application is made at DGASPC.

The portion of residential care costs borne directly by the resident or their family, after deducting any state or local authority subsidies. It is generally calculated based on the resident's income (pension, allowances), with the remainder potentially covered by the local budget. Understanding how it is calculated helps families plan long-term budgets.

A portable device, usually worn around the neck or wrist, allowing an elderly person to immediately alert a monitoring center or family member in case of a fall, sudden pain, or other emergency. When pressed, an operator takes the call and coordinates the necessary assistance. It is especially recommended for people living alone.

Assistance: bathing/showering, teeth brushing, dressing, nappy changing. With utmost respect for dignity and privacy.

Number of staff reported to residents. Standard: min 1:3 during the day, 1:8 at night. Indicator of quality.

Adapted dietary regimen: diabetic, low-sodium, gluten-free, modified texture. Established by a nutritionist.

Treatment through physical exercises, massage, electrotherapy, and other techniques for: restoring mobility, reducing pain, preventing falls, improving balance. Delivered by a licensed physiotherapist, based on a medical prescription.

Movement-based therapy that aids in the recovery of motor functions, improvement of balance, and prevention of falls. Carried out under the guidance of a qualified physiotherapist, with a personalised programme. Essential following stroke, fractures, and surgical procedures.

The court's decision by which a person is declared to lack legal capacity due to mental deterioration. It involves the appointment of a legal guardian.

A therapeutic method that uses play as the main tool for cognitive, emotional, and social stimulation, adapted for seniors through activities such as board games, puzzles, memory games, or role-playing. It helps maintain attention, mental flexibility, and social connections while reducing feelings of isolation. Sessions are coordinated by trained specialists or volunteers.

Vaccination recommended for persons over 65 years of age to prevent pneumococcal pneumonia. Administered once or every 5 years, free of charge at the general practitioner's surgery.

Infection of the lungs, particularly dangerous in elderly individuals (mortality rate 15–30% in those over 65 years of age). Prevention: influenza vaccine, pneumococcal vaccine, hygiene.

Simultaneous administration of 5 or more medications. Common in elderly patients. Risks: drug interactions, adverse effects. Requires periodic review.

The situation in which an older adult simultaneously uses five or more prescribed medications for different conditions, increasing the risk of adverse drug interactions, side effects, and confusion. It is a common challenge in caring for seniors with multiple chronic diseases. Periodic medication review must be carried out by the attending physician or a clinical pharmacist.

Correct positioning technique for the immobilised bedridden patient to prevent pressure ulcers, contractures, and thromboses. Position is changed at minimum every 2 hours. Pillows, rolls, and specialist positioning devices are used.

Period of care and rehabilitation following a surgical procedure (hip fracture, prosthesis, cardiac surgery). Includes physiotherapy, medical supervision, and daily assistance. Duration: 2–12 weeks. Many care homes offer specialised programmes.

Legal authorisation to act on behalf of another person. Executed before a notary. May be general or special.

Intermediate state in which blood glucose is elevated but not sufficiently to meet the diagnostic criteria for diabetes. Common in overweight elderly individuals. Reversible through diet and physical exercise.

Specialised mattress that distributes body pressure evenly, preventing the formation of pressure sores in immobilised patients. Types: memory foam, alternating pressure (air cells), gel. Essential in care homes with immobilised patients.

Lesions of the skin and underlying tissues caused by prolonged pressure, typically in bedridden patients. Common sites: sacrum, heels, elbows. Prevention: repositioning every 2 hours, pressure-relief mattresses, rigorous hygiene, adequate nutrition.

Owned by a private entity. Higher rates but immediate availability, usually superior conditions. Must be licensed.

Voluntary insurance covering medical services additional to the basic CNAS package. May partially cover the costs of care in private residential homes.

Judicial protection measure against abuse, also available to elderly victims of domestic violence. Issued by the court within 24 hours and takes immediate effect.

Psychological therapy adapted for older adults: cognitive-behavioural, reminiscence, group therapy. Effective for depression, anxiety, and adjustment to residential care.

Funded from the public budget. Low fees (calculated from the resident's income), but limited places and waiting lists of 6 months — 3 years.

Non-invasive measurement of blood oxygen saturation using a finger device. Important for monitoring patients with respiratory or cardiac conditions.

Daily programme: art, music, dance, gardening, games. Essential for preventing isolation and cognitive stimulation.

Unit of pension calculation in the Romanian system. In 2026, the reference point value is 81 lei (frozen until 2027). Formula: Monthly pension = total score × VPR. Total score = sum of annual average scores from all years of contribution.

A therapeutic approach involving the evocation of past memories using photographs, music, familiar objects, or storytelling, aimed at stimulating memory and improving the emotional well-being of seniors. It is frequently used with people experiencing memory disorders, helping to reinforce identity and self-esteem. Sessions can be individual or group-based, coordinated by a specialized therapist.

Technique that uses memories, photographs and music from the past to stimulate memory and improve mood in people with dementia.

A voluntary legal act by which an heir declares that they do not wish to take on the rights and obligations (including debts) arising from an inheritance. It may be relevant when the deceased's debts exceed the value of the inherited assets, thus protecting the family from financial liability. The renunciation declaration must be made within the legal deadlines before a public notary or court.

Person who permanently resides in a care home for the elderly. Preferred term over 'patient' or 'inmate', as it emphasises that the care home is the resident's home, not a medical unit.

An integrated software platform used by residential facilities to efficiently manage all resident-related information: admission data, contracts, billing, care plans, staff reports, and family communication. It enables automation of administrative processes and improves coordination between facility departments. Families may sometimes have limited access to track information about their seniors' care.

Standard form of care in a care home: permanent accommodation, meals (3 meals + snacks), 24/7 supervision, recreational activities, assistance with activities of daily living. Suitable for relatively independent seniors who can no longer manage independently at home.

Specialist who liaises between the resident, family, and care home team. Responsibilities: supporting new residents' adjustment, managing emotional needs, mediating conflicts, organising social activities.

The official document by which the family or legal representative informs the competent authorities (DGASPC or local council) of the intention to place a senior in a care home or residential center. The notification is sometimes mandatory to access public subsidies or to register the beneficiary in the social assistance system. The absence of this notification may affect the elderly person's financial rights.

A temporary care service for the elderly person, provided in a care home or at home, with the aim of giving the primary caregiver, often a family member, a break. Duration can range from a few days to several weeks and is useful in preventing caregiver burnout. Availability of this service varies from one provider to another.

A service that provides temporary relief to the primary caregiver of an elderly person by taking over caregiving responsibilities for a set period, either at home or in a specialized center. This support helps prevent caregiver burnout. Duration and frequency vary according to individual needs.

Chronic autoimmune disease affecting the joints, causing pain, swelling, and stiffness. Common in elderly individuals. Treatment: anti-inflammatory agents, physiotherapy, immunosuppressive medication.

The fundamental right of the resident to receive visits from family and friends. The care home may only restrict visits temporarily, for justified medical reasons (e.g. quarantine). Visiting hours must be clearly communicated.

Progressive loss of muscle mass and strength associated with ageing. Increases the risk of falls, fractures, and dependency. Prevention: strength exercises, adequate protein intake.

Intermediate state in which the senior can perform some daily activities independently but requires assistance with others (bathing, moving outside the room, medication administration). The most common level of dependency among care home residents.

The legal right of elderly persons to maintain their home or residence, protected by Romanian law against abusive evictions or illegal dispossessions. The law provides special guarantees for seniors living in restituted properties or in vulnerable housing situations. Family members or social institutions are obligated to ensure decent housing for elderly individuals who cannot care for themselves.

Single: privacy, +20-50% price. Double: sharing with another compatible resident.

Repeated cessation of breathing during sleep, common in elderly individuals. Consequences: daytime fatigue, hypertension, increased cardiovascular risk. Treatment: CPAP.

Guaranteed Minimum Income — social benefit for persons whose income falls below an annually established threshold. Applications are submitted to the local council office of the applicant's domicile. The amount depends on the number of family members and existing income.

The main legislative framework regulating social services in Romania, including those for elderly persons. Defines the types of services and quality standards.

Assessment carried out by a social worker to determine a person's financial, family, and social situation. Mandatory document for admission to state care homes and for obtaining social welfare benefits. Requested from DGASPC or the local council.

Specialist who facilitates communication and conflict resolution between institutions, families, and social service beneficiaries. Intervenes in crisis situations.

Vouchers granted to vulnerable persons (including elderly individuals with low pensions) for food and basic products. Distributed twice a year (Easter and Christmas), value 200 lei.

Specialist who assesses the social needs of elderly individuals and directs them towards appropriate services: residential care homes, benefits, and home care services. Works within DGASPC, local councils, care homes, or NGOs.

Social interaction with other people — essential for mental health. Isolation increases the risk of depression by 65% and dementia by 50%.

Dementia-adapted care: secure environment, cognitive stimulation, adapted communication, stable routine.

Adapted for patients with dementia: coded-access doors, trained staff, daily cognitive stimulation, adapted spaces. Rates +20–50%.

Speech and language therapy for recovery following stroke or in cases of aphasia. Includes dysphagia therapy (swallowing disorders). Delivered by a specialist speech and language therapist.

Financial support granted by public authorities (local or central) to partially or fully cover residential care costs for seniors with insufficient income. Access to the subsidy is obtained through a social investigation and a file submitted to DGASPC or the town hall. The subsidised amount varies according to local budget resources and the applicant's socio-economic situation.

Sudden interruption of blood flow to the brain. Can be ischaemic (80% — blood clot) or haemorrhagic (20% — bleeding). It is a medical emergency — every minute counts. Post-stroke recovery can take months and requires physiotherapy, speech and language therapy, and often care in a specialist residential facility.

The legal procedure for transferring the assets of a deceased person to their heirs. May be testamentary (in accordance with a will) or intestate (in accordance with the Civil Code). Acceptance period: 1 year from the date of death. Carried out before a notary or through the courts.

Organised meetings (in-person or online) for families caring for older adults. They provide practical information, emotional support and reduction of isolation.

For the surviving spouse: 50% (1 dependant), 75% (2), 100% (3+) of the deceased's pension.

The set of adapted measures for elderly people who have swallowing difficulties, including modification of food and liquid textures, assisted feeding techniques, and supervision at mealtimes. It is essential for preventing pulmonary aspiration and malnutrition. The management protocol must be established by a doctor and speech therapist.

The possibility of deducting from tax the amounts paid for the care of a family member. Consult a tax specialist.

A remote monitoring and assistance service for seniors that uses connected devices (bracelets, sensors, cameras) to detect emergency situations and alert staff or family in real time. It increases senior safety, including for those living alone or in facilities with limited staff during certain hours. It does not replace direct care but complements it.

Remote medical consultations conducted via video or telephone. Useful for seniors with reduced mobility, for monitoring chronic conditions, and for specialist consultations without the need to travel. Some care homes offer this service.

Short-term stay in a care home (2–4 weeks). Used when the primary carer needs a break (holiday, health issues) or when the older adult is recovering from surgery. Prevents carer burnout and provides the older adult with a socialisation experience.

A dietary regime in which the consistency of food is adjusted (minced, chopped, pureed, thickened liquid) for residents with chewing or swallowing difficulties, in order to prevent food aspiration. Quality care homes provide such options as part of the standard menu at no extra cost. Families should verify whether the facility has qualified staff to prepare and serve these menus.

Secure green space, specially designed for residents. Benefits: reduction of anxiety, sensory stimulation, light physical exercise. Essential for patients with dementia.

Surgical opening into the trachea to secure the airway. Requires specialist care and regular aspiration of bronchial secretions.

A period, usually between 30 and 90 days, contractually agreed upon, during which both the resident and the care home can assess compatibility before a long-term commitment. During this time, the family can monitor the senior's adjustment to the new environment and care staff. Terms for termination during the trial period must be clearly stated in the care contract.

Flexible tube inserted into the urinary bladder to drain urine. May be temporary (post-operative) or permanent (severe incontinence, retention). Requires careful management to prevent infection.

Very common in elderly people, especially women and those with a urinary catheter. Atypical symptoms: confusion, agitation, falls. Treatment: antibiotics.

A communication and care method for people with dementia that involves acknowledging and validating their emotional experiences without correcting their perception of reality. The goal is to reduce anxiety and improve the senior's well-being. It is applied by trained staff and complements the individualized care plan.

The second most common form of dementia, caused by problems with blood circulation to the brain. It often occurs following a stroke or repeated mini-strokes (TIAs). Symptoms include difficulty concentrating, confusion, and problems with planning. It differs from Alzheimer's disease by its more abrupt onset and stepwise progression.

Surveillance cameras in the common areas of the care home (not in residents' rooms) for the safety of residents. The GDPR legal framework and consent are mandatory.

Family visiting hours. Good care homes have flexible schedules. Excessive restrictions = red flag.

Regular measurement of vital signs: blood pressure, pulse, temperature, oxygen saturation, blood glucose. In residential care homes, this is performed daily or several times a day for residents with chronic conditions. Results are recorded in the medical file.

Volunteering activity that supports residents through companionship, reading, and recreational activities. Reduces isolation and improves quality of life.

At state-run halls of residence, demand exceeds supply. Alternative: private halls of residence with immediate availability.

Bringing a patient from a supine position to a vertical (standing) position, usually with the aid of specialist equipment (tilt table). An important step in rehabilitation following stroke or surgical procedures.

Legal document: authentic (notarised) or holographic (handwritten, dated and signed). May be amended at any time during the testator's lifetime.

The right of any capable beneficiary or their legal representative to revoke at any time a previously given consent for a care service or medical intervention, without any negative legal consequences. The withdrawal of consent must be documented in writing and included in the beneficiary's file. Care institutions are obligated to respect this decision and offer appropriate alternatives to meet the person's needs.