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Informational page, not medical advice. For diagnosis and treatment, consult a specialist doctor.
Cognitive conditionApproximately 350,000 people in Romania

Dementia

Types, diagnosis and specialist daily care

Contents

What is dementia?

Dementia is not a disease in itself but a syndrome — a group of symptoms with various causes. The most common forms are: Alzheimer's (60–70%), vascular dementia (15–20%), Lewy body dementia (10–15%) and frontotemporal dementia.

Diagnosis is made through a comprehensive geriatric assessment: cognitive tests (MMSE, MoCA), brain imaging, and blood tests. Early diagnosis allows timely intervention and care planning.

Progression varies — some forms are slow (Alzheimer's), others can be faster (Lewy body dementia). Care requires continuous adaptation to the patient's changing needs.

Disease stages

1

Mild stage

Loss of recent memory, difficulty concentrating and planning. The person still functions relatively independently but requires light supervision. Diagnosis at this stage allows for early intervention.

2

Moderate stage

Frequent confusion, behavioural disturbances (agitation, suspicion, wandering), difficulties with personal hygiene and daily activities. Requires constant supervision and assistance with most activities.

3

Severe stage

Near-total loss of cognitive function, complete dependence for all activities, swallowing difficulties, minimal communication. Care focuses on comfort and dignity.

Main symptoms

Progressive memory loss
Difficulties with planning and organisation
Temporal and spatial confusion
Language problems
Behavioural disturbances (agitation, aggression)
Loss of independence in daily activities

🚨 When to seek medical help

When memory loss interferes with daily life, when the person gets lost in familiar places, or when significant behavioural changes occur.

Care needs

  • Comprehensive geriatric assessment
  • Personalised care plan reviewed regularly
  • Reminiscence therapy
  • Cognitive stimulation activities
  • Emotional support for patient and family
  • Carer support group
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Family role

Family is a fundamental pillar in caring for a person with dementia. Regular visits, patience and participation in therapeutic activities significantly improve the patient's wellbeing. It is essential that family carers also allow themselves rest time — burnout is common and can be prevented through support groups and respite services.

Prevention

  • Control of cardiovascular risk factors
  • Regular physical activity
  • Intellectual stimulation
  • Healthy diet
  • Socialisation
  • Avoiding excessive alcohol

Frequently asked questions

What is the difference between dementia and Alzheimer's?
Dementia is a general term for cognitive decline, while Alzheimer's is the most common cause of dementia (60–70% of cases). Other forms include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia and frontotemporal dementia.
Can dementia be cured?
Most forms of dementia have no cure, but treatment can slow progression and improve symptoms. Some reversible causes (vitamin deficiency, hypothyroidism) can be fully treated if detected early.
How quickly does dementia progress?
Progression varies depending on the type and the individual. Alzheimer's progresses on average over 8–12 years, vascular dementia can follow a stepwise course, and Lewy body dementia progresses more rapidly.
What activities are recommended for a person with dementia?
Cognitive stimulation activities (simple puzzles, music, reminiscence), gentle physical exercise and creative activities (painting, gardening) are beneficial. Activities should be adapted to the stage of the disease.

⚠️ Informational content

This guide is informational and does not replace medical advice. For diagnosis and treatment, consult a specialist doctor.